In a deeply reflective and intellectually vibrant film “Freud’s Last Session,” audiences are invited into the hypothetical yet profoundly captivating meeting between two of the twentieth century’s towering intellects: Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis and a staunch atheist, and C.S. Lewis, the celebrated author and Christian apologist. Sir Anthony Hopkins magnificently portrayed Sigmund Freud, while C.S. Lewis was by Matthew Goode. Inspired by Mark St. Germain’s esteemed play, the movie is masterfully translated onto the screen, bringing to life a dialogue that is as thought-provoking as it is poignant.
Directed with a deft touch that balances the gravity of the discussions with the inherent humanity of its subjects, “Freud’s Last Session” unfolds in Freud’s London home on the brink of World War II and serves as a poignant backdrop to the existential and philosophical debates that unfold. It’s a visual metaphor for the conflict and reconciliation of ideas, a testament to the director’s vision of portraying ideas as battles that are as devastating and transformative as any war. This setting is not merely a stage but a character in its own right, reflecting the tumultuous clash of ideologies and the personal battles waged within the confines of Freud’s study.
What sets this film apart is not merely its exploration of grand themes: the existence of God, the nature of love, and the purpose of human suffering, but the deeply human elements that underpin these discussions. The portrayal of Freud, embattled by the ravages of terminal stages of oral cancer and confronting his mortality, offers a raw, unfiltered glimpse into the vulnerability of a man who spent his life dissecting the human psyche. Similarly, Lewis is presented not as a mere counterpoint to Freud’s atheism but as a complex individual, shaped by personal loss and wartime experiences, whose faith is as reasoned as it is heartfelt.
The cinematography and set design deserve special mention for their role in encapsulating the era and elevating the narrative. Every frame is a carefully composed homage to the period, inviting the viewer into the intimate setting where these monumental discussions take place. The subtle yet stirring score complements the film’s mood perfectly, underlining the emotional depth and intellectual tension of the conversation.
However, the movie’s soul is the dialogue—witty, sharp, and deeply reflective. It challenges the audience to engage with the existential questions at hand, making “Freud’s Last Session” an intellectually enriching experience. The actors deliver performances of a lifetime, bringing Freud and Lewis to life with authenticity and emotional depth and capturing the essence of their historical and philosophical significance.
In sum, “Freud’s Last Session” is more than a film; it is a meditation on life’s ultimate questions, portrayed through the lens of two brilliant minds engaged in a battle of wits and soul-searching. It is a testament to the power of dialogue and the enduring search for meaning amidst the chaos of existence. This movie is an absolute must-see for anyone who delights in the interplay of ideas and exploring the human condition.
Qing Ming, or Tomb-Sweeping Day, is an important festival in the Chinese calendar. This year, it falls on April 4th 2024. For Christians engaging in Qing Ming rituals alongside non-Christian family members, finding a path honouring their commitment to their faith and cultural heritage is essential. This delicate balance involves participating in traditional practices that reflect their Christian beliefs while also showing respect for their ancestors and the traditions that hold deep significance in Chinese culture. Here are some guidelines and considerations for Christians during Qing Ming:
1. Deepening Understanding of Qing Ming
Qing Ming, or Tomb-Sweeping Day, is more than a cultural observance; it embodies a deep respect for ancestors and the continuity of family lineage. It is a time for reflection on the sacrifices and contributions of previous generations. Christians can approach Qing Ming with respect and gratitude, recognising these values align with the biblical principle of honouring one’s parents and elders. Understanding the historical and cultural significance of Qing Ming can enrich a Christian’s participation, making it a meaningful experience that bridges faith and cultural identity. While it has a component of ancestor worship, it is more than that in Confucian thought. It is a day of remembrance of bloodlines in clans and families. Christians who are familiar with the bloodline of Jesus yet shy away when it has to do with their family bloodlines. Many Chinese Christians would have nothing to do with Qing Ming, equating it to ancestor worship, thus losing a large part of their cultural heritage.
2. Engaging in Cultural Practices Conscientiously
While engaging in Qing Ming, Christians can participate in ways reflecting their respect for their ancestors and faith. Activities like cleaning gravesites, placing flowers, and sharing family stories honour the memory of the deceased in a manner consistent with Christian values. However, it’s important to discern which practices may conflict with Christian teachings, such as making spiritual offerings or using incense to suggest ancestor worship. Christians can navigate these aspects by focusing on actions that symbolise respect and remembrance rather than spiritual communication. They also use equivalent substitutions, such as offering flowers instead of joysticks. Bowing is cultural, not an act of worship.
Romans 14:22-23 serves as a guide for Christians to act according to their faith and conscience. They are engaging in Qing Ming in a way that maintains one’s integrity before God, which is crucial. If certain rituals conflict with Christian beliefs, finding alternative ways to honour ancestors while still participating in the community aspect of Qing Ming is a respectful approach.
3. Christian Expressions of Hope and Remembrance
Qing Ming presents a unique opportunity for Christians to express their faith’s hope and comfort, particularly regarding life after death. Christians can offer prayers for their family, asking for God’s peace and comfort to touch those who mourn. This can be a private moment of prayer or a gentle, inclusive offer to pray with family members who are open to it, emphasizing the comfort and hope in the Christian faith. This must be done with gentleness and tact, respecting our non-Christian family members’ beliefs.
When ancestors have a history of Christian faith, sharing these stories during Qing Ming can be incredibly impactful. It’s an opportunity to recount how the ancestors’ faith influenced their lives and the legacy of faith they left behind. This can be a source of inspiration and encouragement to family members, illustrating the transformative power of faith in Christ. Such testimonies can serve as a bridge between generations, linking the past’s faith journey with the present and future.
Participation with Sensitivity and Respect
When participating in Qing Ming, the aim is to honour ancestors in a way that aligns with Christian principles while respecting family traditions. This involves:
Seeking Common Ground
Emphasising the shared values between Christian beliefs and the cultural aspects of Qing Ming, such as the importance of family, remembrance, and honouring those who have passed, can foster unity and respect among family members of different faiths. One important consideration is to show up. Many Chinese Christians, after their conversion, often boycotted Qing Ming to the dismay of their families. How can we witness Christ if we do not turn up?
Adapting Traditions
Christians can adapt Qing Ming traditions in creative ways that reflect their faith. For example, instead of traditional offerings, consider writing letters of gratitude or reflection about the ancestors and sharing these with family members. This can be a meaningful way to participate in the spirit of Qing Ming while staying true to one’s faith. Bringing food to the festival as a picnic can enable Christians to eat together with their non-Christian families at the graveside. Stand side and not take part in burning ‘hell money’ and other paraphernalia but with respect and not judgment. Offer flowers instead of joss sticks. Help to clean the gravesites. We must learn to be respectful of certain rituals without being judgmental.
Fostering Dialogue
Open and respectful dialogue about faith and cultural traditions can enrich family bonds. Sharing why certain Qing Ming practices are meaningful from a Christian perspective can open avenues for deeper understanding and mutual respect within the family. While I respect that some Chinese churches have rejected Qing Ming together but instead celebrate the Tomb Cleaning on Easter morning, they may celebrate both.
Incorporating these practices allows for a Qing Ming observance that is respectful, inclusive, and meaningful for all family members. It focuses on shared values, the importance of family heritage, and respect for ancestors, central themes that transcend religious boundaries. By emphasising what unites the family, these observances can strengthen family bonds and ensure that all members feel included and respected in their diversity of beliefs. By thoughtfully engaging in Qing Ming rituals, Christians can navigate their dual identity as followers of Christ and bearers of their cultural heritage. This approach allows for a respectful observance of Qing Ming that honours ancestors and reflects the hope and comfort found in the Christian faith.
Reflecting personally on my journey, comics from both DC and Marvel have transcended their role as mere entertainment to become unexpected guides and companions in my spiritual exploration. This transformation was gradual and somewhat surprising, as I initially approached these stories with the expectation of escapism rather than enlightenment. However, as I delved deeper into the rich tapestry of narratives, characters, and mythologies presented by these iconic universes, I discovered a wealth of spiritual wisdom and insight. These stories, with their complex characters and intricate plots, have served as mirrors reflecting my own spiritual dilemmas, joys, and growth. They’ve become sources of profound insights and reflections on spirituality, extending far beyond their colourful pages.
In this personal reflection, I explore how specific examples from the expansive worlds of DC and Marvel have profoundly impacted my spiritual life. This journey is not just about the high-stakes battles or the fantastical elements inherent in these stories; it’s about the human (and sometimes superhuman) experiences that resonate with the core of my spiritual being. These characters, with their struggles, triumphs, failures, and redemptions, speak to the very essence of what it means to be on a spiritual path. They embody themes of morality, identity, sacrifice, and the search for meaning—themes that are universally relevant and particularly poignant to anyone engaged in spiritual exploration.
As I unpack the lessons gleaned from the likes of Batman, Spider-Man, the Avengers, and narratives like “The Infinity Gauntlet,” I do so with a deep appreciation for the artistry and creativity that have made these characters enduring symbols of resilience, hope, and moral complexity. These narratives have not only provided escapism but have also served as catalysts for introspection and spiritual awakening. They’ve challenged me to question and affirm my beliefs, to empathise with the ‘other,’ and to reflect on the nature of power, responsibility, and truth.
Moreover, this exploration into how comics have shaped my spiritual outlook underscores the interconnectedness of all forms of storytelling. Whether through ancient myths, traditional religious texts, or the pages of a comic book, the act of storytelling remains a powerful medium for conveying spiritual truths and fostering a sense of connectedness to something greater than oneself. In embracing the stories of superheroes and villains alike, I’ve encountered a rich vein of spiritual insight that has enriched my understanding of myself and the world around me. This deep dive into the worlds of DC and Marvel is more than a testament to the impact of popular culture on spirituality; it’s a reflection of my personal journey through the lens of these extraordinary narratives. By examining the spiritual dimensions of these comics, I’ve found unexpected wisdom and guidance, highlighting the versatile power of storytelling in shaping our understanding of the world and our place within it. This personal and reflective exploration of comics as spiritual companions reveals the depth and complexity of what might initially seem like simple tales of heroism and adventure.
Batman: Embracing the Shadow Self
In the vast pantheon of characters that populate the DC Universe, Batman has held a special place in my heart and mind, particularly for the spiritual resonance his story relates. Bruce Wayne’s evolution into Batman is not merely a tale of vengeance or a quest for justice; it is a profound narrative of confronting and integrating the shadow self, a concept deeply rooted in Jungian psychology. This journey—wherein a man shaped by personal tragedy chooses to transform his anguish into a symbol of hope and resistance against injustice—offers a powerful reflection on the nature of human suffering and redemption.
The darkness that envelops Bruce Wayne following the loss of his parents is a stark embodiment of the shadow self. This shadow, rather than being an adversary to be defeated, becomes the crucible through which Batman is forged. It is a reminder that within our deepest wounds lie the seeds of our greatest potential for growth and transformation. As I contemplate Batman’s journey, I am invited to reflect on my own inner darkness and the unacknowledged parts of myself that I, too, must confront and integrate. This process is not about eradication but about acknowledgement and transformation, turning pain into power and despair into purpose.
Batman’s unwavering commitment to justice, even in the face of personal suffering, serves as a beacon of inspiration. It challenges me to transcend my own hardships and to channel my struggles into actions that serve the greater good. This commitment is a testament to the power of the human spirit to rise above adversity and to the potential within each of us to effect positive change in the world. Batman’s path reflects the spiritual principle of self-transcendence—the idea that true fulfilment and purpose are found not in personal glory but in service to others.
Moreover, Batman’s reliance on his intellect, physical prowess, and indomitable will, rather than superhuman powers, underscores the message that the capacity for heroism lies within us all. It reminds us that while we may not have control over the tragedies and challenges that befall us, we have the power to choose our response. Through his actions, Batman embodies the ethos of taking responsibility for one’s city, community, and, by extension, one’s inner world.
In essence, Batman’s story is a narrative of hope—a demonstration that light can emerge from the darkest of places and that each of us has the potential to become a force for good in the world. His journey compels me to embrace my shadow, not as an enemy but as a teacher and guide, leading me towards greater understanding, compassion, and engagement with the world. Batman’s example propels me towards a path of spiritual growth, rooted in the recognition that it is through facing our inner darkness that we uncover our true strength and capacity for altruism, thereby achieving a deeper, more meaningful form of self-transcendence.
Spider-Man: Responsibility and Redemption
Marvel’s Spider-Man, or Peter Parker, was my favourite comic hero during my teenage years. He has been a beacon of insight into the complexities of moral responsibility and the path to redemption, imparting a deeply spiritual lesson that resonates with the well-known adage, “With great power comes great responsibility.” This principle, woven into the fabric of Spider-Man’s narrative, has profoundly influenced my understanding of personal duty and ethical action. Peter Parker’s life, marked by a relentless juggling act between his obligations as a superhero and his personal desires and commitments, serves as a vivid illustration of the spiritual journey toward achieving balance and integrity in one’s life.
Peter’s journey is not merely about the heroic feats of Spider-Man swinging across the skyscrapers of New York; it’s fundamentally about the human experience of grappling with the weight of one’s abilities and the consequences of one’s actions. His story underscores the truth that our talents and strengths, no matter how great or small, carry with them a responsibility to be wielded wisely and altruistically. This realisation has prompted me to examine my own life, recognising the gifts I have been given and contemplating how best to use them in service of others, in alignment with spiritual values of generosity and service.
Moreover, Spider-Man’s narrative is replete with moments of failure and loss, yet it is these very moments that highlight the spiritual themes of forgiveness and redemption. Peter Parker’s experiences with guilt, particularly following the death of his Uncle Ben, and his subsequent commitment to a life of heroism, illustrate the transformative power of remorse and the possibility of turning profound regret into a force for good. This aspect of Spider-Man’s journey has been particularly impactful, reminding me that spiritual growth often emerges from the ashes of past mistakes. It reinforces the belief in the potential for renewal that lies within each of us, regardless of our past missteps.
The spiritual lessons derived from Spider-Man extend beyond the individual, touching on the interconnectedness of all lives and the impact of our choices on those around us. Peter Parker’s life exemplifies the ripple effects of actions, both good and bad, and the importance of striving for a harmonious existence that benefits not just oneself but the broader community. This realisation has deepened my commitment to living a life that is not only balanced and principled but also outwardly focused, aiming to uplift and support others.
In sum, Spider-Man has not only entertained me but also taught me invaluable lessons about responsibility, redemption, and the continuous journey toward spiritual enlightenment. Through Peter Parker’s trials and triumphs, I have been inspired to embrace my own challenges with courage and to see every setback as an opportunity for growth and every success as a chance to contribute positively to the world. Spider-Man’s story is a powerful reminder that our greatest strength lies not in the power we wield but in how we choose to use it for the greater good, embodying the essence of spiritual responsibility and redemption.
The Avengers: Embracing Diversity and Fostering Unity
The Avengers, Marvel’s ensemble of superheroes, represent a compelling metaphor for the ideals of diversity, acceptance, and unity—cornerstones of many spiritual and ethical traditions. Unlike the singular journey of a hero, the Avengers’ narrative weaves together the paths of individuals from remarkably different origins, powers, and ideologies, uniting them under a common purpose. This coalition of heroes, ranging from the Norse god Thor to the genius billionaire Tony Stark (Iron Man), underscores the strength found in diversity and the power of collective action.
Their dynamic interactions, challenges, and triumphs in the face of adversity offer rich insights into the complexities of teamwork and the importance of respecting and valuing each team member’s unique contributions. The Avengers’ ability to come together despite their differences, working towards the greater good, has significantly deepened my appreciation for the spiritual principle of unity in diversity. It reflects the belief that our collective strengths, harnessed through collaboration and understanding, can lead to transformative outcomes far beyond what we could achieve alone.
Furthermore, the Avengers’ storylines often highlight the tension between individual desires and the needs of the group, a common theme in spiritual exploration. This dynamic forces me to reconsider my own role within the communities I am part of and the balance between personal autonomy and collective responsibility. It encourages a reflective process on how to navigate these tensions in ways that contribute to the greater good, fostering a more inclusive, understanding, and compassionate world.
The narrative of the Avengers, fighting not only external threats but also internal conflicts and societal prejudices, challenges me to confront my own biases and to actively work towards a world where diversity is celebrated. Their stories serve as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for acceptance and the importance of standing in solidarity with those who face marginalisation and injustice.
By embodying the values of diversity and unity, the Avengers have become more than just a group of fictional superheroes. They have evolved into symbols of hope and beacons of inspiration for embracing our differences and working together towards common goals. This reflection on the Avengers and their embodiment of diversity and unity has enriched my spiritual journey, offering a blueprint for building stronger, more compassionate communities in the real world.
The Infinity Gauntlet: Power and Morality
The Infinity Gauntlet story arc in Marvel Comics compellingly explores power, morality, and the profound responsibilities that come with wielding immense power. This epic narrative, featuring the confrontation with the near-omnipotent antagonist Thanos, who seeks to reshape the universe according to his twisted vision, provides a rich backdrop for contemplating the ethical dimensions and spiritual implications of power.
Thanos, with the ability to manipulate reality, time, space, and the very essence of life and death, embodies the pinnacle of unchecked power. His quest to collect the Infinity Stones and use them to impose his will on all of existence brings to the forefront the dangers of absolute power and the corruption that often accompanies it. This story challenges me to reflect on the dual nature of power, recognising its potential to both heal and harm, to create and to destroy.
The moral dilemmas faced by the heroes in their struggle against Thanos underscore the importance of moral discernment in the use of power. Their decisions, sacrifices, and the strategies they employ to combat Thanos highlight the ethical considerations that must guide our actions, especially when the stakes are high. This aspect of the narrative has prompted me to consider the weight of decisions made in positions of power and the significance of aligning those decisions with a moral and ethical framework.
Moreover, the story arc emphasises the importance of humility in exercising power. It reminds us that true strength lies not in domination or control but in understanding the limits of one’s power and the wisdom of seeking counsel and collaboration. This humility is contrasted starkly with Thanos’ hubris, providing a lesson in the dangers of arrogance and the belief in one’s infallibility.
Conclusion
The spiritual lessons drawn from the narratives and characters of DC and Marvel comics have been both unexpected and profoundly impactful. Batman’s journey challenges us to confront and integrate our shadow selves, embracing growth through adversity. Spider-Man teaches the importance of responsibility and redemption, reminding us that our greatest strengths lie in our ability to rise after we fall. The Avengers and their diverse cast inspire unity and the celebration of differences, showing how collective strength can overcome even the most daunting challenges. Lastly, “The Infinity Gauntlet” saga offers a deep meditation on the nature of power and the moral discernment required to wield it wisely.
These stories, rich with ethical dilemmas, personal growth, and the struggle between good and evil, reflect the complexities of the human spirit and the spiritual journey. They demonstrate that comics, often dismissed as mere entertainment, can indeed offer valuable insights into the virtues, challenges, and dilemmas that define our existence. Through the lens of these characters and their adventures, we are invited to reflect on our own lives, fostering a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Thus, the worlds of DC and Marvel become not just escapes from reality but mirrors reflecting our deepest aspirations and challenges, reminding us that the journey of self-discovery and spiritual growth is both universal and endlessly diverse.
Some of us will be celebrating the Chinese Lunar Year of the Dragon in a few weeks. 2024 is the year of the Wood Dragon, starting on February 10th, 2024 (Chinese New Year) and ending on January 28th, 2025 (Chinese New Year’s Eve). Many Chinese regard the Year of the Dragon as auspicious, especially for babies born during it. Chinese families can expect many new additions to their families soon. The numerous wedding receptions performed in the last few months indicate the preparation for this. This essay seeks to explore the symbolism of the dragon in Chinese culture, contrast it with its portrayal in Christian scriptures, and discuss the Christian approach to concepts of luck and divination, focusing on respectful engagement with diverse cultures.
The Chinese Year of the Dragon
In Chinese culture, the Chinese New Year celebration stands out as a period imbued with deep historical and cultural significance. This time is not just a festive occasion but a profound embodiment of ancient customs, beliefs, and the enduring spirit of the Chinese people. In this cultural milieu, the dragon transcends its mythical status, emerging as a potent symbol of power, prosperity, and wisdom, deeply entwined with the Chinese identity and philosophical outlook. Among contemporary Chinese communities, the zodiac dragon symbolises good luck and prosperity, with many parents hoping to get a ‘dragon’ baby delivered in this auspicious year.
Contrasting sharply with Western depictions of dragons as malevolent forces, the Chinese dragon is revered as a harbinger of good fortune, a protector of wealth and prosperity, and a symbol of the natural world’s harmony. The Chinese dragon, also known as the loong, long or lung (simplified Chinese: 龙; traditional Chinese: 龍; pinyin: lóng) is an icon that resonates with the values of nobility, honour, and the pursuit of excellence, which are highly esteemed in Chinese culture. The dragon’s link to water and rain in Chinese mythology highlights its crucial role in agriculture and prosperity, underpinning its significance in a society where harmony with nature is cherished.
This reverence for the dragon in Chinese tradition vividly illustrates the adaptability and sensitivity advocated by the Apostle Paul in 1 Corinthians 9:22, where he speaks of becoming “all things to all people” in the mission to spread the Gospel. This biblical wisdom urges Christians to approach diverse cultural expressions with respect and a willingness to understand. Engaging with the Chinese Year of the Dragon is an opportunity to practice this cultural empathy, recognising the deep meanings these traditions hold for those who celebrate them.
Moreover, the depiction of the dragon in Chinese culture as a wise and benevolent entity invites us to challenge the often-singular narrative of dragons in Western thought. It opens the door to a more nuanced understanding of how different cultures interpret their symbols and legends. This broader perspective fosters intercultural dialogue and appreciation, resonating with our Christian values of love, understanding, and respect for diverse backgrounds. (Appendix A: World Dragon Mythologies)
Reflecting on the Chinese Year of the Dragon, we find a rich source of cultural wisdom and insight. It beckons us to explore the diversity of God’s creation, manifested in the myriad of cultural expressions and traditions worldwide. This exploration is not just an academic exercise but a spiritual journey that deepens our understanding and appreciation of the vastness and richness of our world, echoing the diversity and complexity of God’s creation.
The Dragon in Christian Tradition
In Christian Scripture, the dragon emerges as a complex symbol, predominantly associated with evil and deception, most notably depicted in Revelation 12:9. This passage describes a great dragon, identified as Satan, who leads the whole world astray. The imagery here is potent and evocative, presenting a spiritual reality that starkly contrasts the benevolent and auspicious symbol of the dragon in Chinese culture. This dichotomy invites Christians to a deeper reflection on the nature of symbols in our faith tradition.
Ephesians 6:12 provides a profound context for understanding this contrast: “For our struggle is not against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world and the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly realms.” This passage reminds us that the Christian understanding of evil and its representations, like the dragon in Revelation, is fundamentally spiritual. It calls for discernment in recognising the spiritual implications behind symbols and their meanings, particularly in different cultural and religious contexts.
Moreover, this imagery of the dragon as an embodiment of evil in Christian tradition has deep theological implications. It serves as a metaphor for the pervasive nature of sin and the cosmic struggle between good and evil, a theme central to Christian doctrine. The dragon’s portrayal as a formidable adversary in the Book of Revelation underscores the seriousness with which Christianity regards the forces of evil and the constant vigilance required in spiritual life.
However, while the dragon in Christian scripture symbolises spiritual opposition, it also highlights God’s power and sovereignty. The ultimate defeat of the dragon in Revelation signifies the triumph of good over evil, a cornerstone of Christian eschatological hope. This narrative arc from conflict to victory provides Christians with a framework for understanding the nature of spiritual warfare and the assuredness of God’s final victory over evil.
In the broader context of Christian engagement with other cultures, the contrasting symbolism of the dragon between Christian and Chinese traditions presents an opportunity for dialogue and understanding. It challenges us to consider how symbols can be interpreted differently across cultures and how these interpretations reflect those cultures’ underlying values and beliefs. As Christians, we are called to approach these differences with a spirit of openness and respect, seeking to understand rather than to judge.
The dragon’s representation in Christian scripture offers a rich source for theological reflection and spiritual insight. It reminds us of the complexity of our spiritual journey and the need for discernment in interpreting and understanding the symbols and narratives that shape our faith. As we engage with different cultural interpretations of these symbols, we are invited into a deeper appreciation of the diverse ways the divine can be understood and represented across the world’s cultures.
Divination in the Bible
The topic of divination in the Bible is approached with a clear and unequivocal stance, particularly evident in passages like Deuteronomy 18:10-12. Here, divination is grouped with other practices considered detestable to the Lord, representing a reliance on sources other than God for guidance and knowledge about the future. This biblical admonition reflects a core principle of Judeo-Christian belief: the sovereignty of God in all matters of life and history and the sufficiency of His wisdom and guidance.
In contrast, the cultural belief in the good luck associated with the Chinese dragon, a prevalent feature in the celebrations of the Chinese New Year, does not typically involve an active pursuit of future knowledge or supernatural intervention. Instead, it is often expressed as a traditional symbol of hope, prosperity, and auspiciousness. This cultural practice is more akin to a communal expression of good wishes for the future rather than an attempt to divine what the future holds.
Philippians 4:6-7 offers a profound biblical perspective on this matter, urging believers to be anxious for nothing, but in everything, by prayer and supplication, to present their requests to God. This teaching underlines a vital aspect of the Christian faith – reliance on God rather than uncertain and fallible methods to discern the future. It emphasises a posture of trust and dependence on God, who cares for the needs and concerns of His people.
Furthermore, this distinction between divination and cultural expressions of hope is crucial for Christians as they navigate and engage with practices from other cultures. In 1 Thessalonians 5:21, the apostle Paul advises believers to “test everything; hold fast what is good.” This suggests a balanced approach, where Christians are encouraged to discern and understand the cultural practices they encounter, distinguishing those compatible with their faith from those enacted.
In understanding the cultural context of the Chinese dragon as a symbol of good fortune, Christians are called to exercise discernment and wisdom. It is an opportunity to engage in meaningful cultural exchange and to appreciate the values and traditions of others while maintaining fidelity to the core tenets of their faith. This discernment is not just a rejection of practices contrary to biblical teaching but also an affirmation of those cultural expressions that align with the broader Christian ethos of hope, community, and blessings. The Christian faith does not call for a withdrawal from the cultural practices of others but rather a thoughtful and prayerful engagement, where we seek to understand and respect, guided by the wisdom and principles of our faith. This approach allows for a respectful dialogue with other cultures, fostering mutual understanding and enriching our spiritual journey.
Cultural Appreciation and Christian Ethics
In Christian ethics, engaging with cultural traditions such as the Chinese New Year, specifically the Year of the Dragon, transcends mere participation in a cultural event. It becomes an enactment of the profound scriptural teachings about love, unity, and accepting diversity as part of God’s magnificent creation. Galatians 3:28 speaks to the breaking down of barriers between Jew and Gentile, slave and free, male and female, in Christ, is pivotal here. This passage calls Christians to a deeper level of cultural engagement, one that views every cultural expression as a facet of the imago Dei, the image of God in humanity.
This spiritual journey into cultural appreciation, especially in the context of the Chinese New Year, is an opportunity to manifest the Christian virtues of love, respect, and humility. Appreciating the symbolic richness of the dragon within this celebration allows Christians to honour the diversity of God’s creation and the variegated ways in which different cultures express their understanding of the world. It is a tangible demonstration of the scriptural mandate to love our neighbours, embracing their cultural expressions as a part of loving them wholly.
Yet, this cultural journey must be navigated with a heart and mind firmly rooted in faith. It calls for a discerning spirit that is keenly aware of the delicate balance between cultural appreciation and the maintenance of one’s faith convictions. As Paul urges in 1 Corinthians 10:31, whatever we do, including our engagement with cultural practices, should be done for the glory of God. Our participation should thus be an extension of our worship, a means to reflect God’s grace and love to others and not a deviation from our core beliefs.
Furthermore, engaging with different cultures is not only about participation but also about a deep spiritual understanding. It is an exercise in humility and learning, recognising that the manifold wisdom of God can be reflected in the world’s diverse cultural narratives and practices. Jesus Christ modelled this engagement with diverse cultures, often reaching across cultural boundaries to heal, teach, and show love.
Christian Concerns about the Dragon Image in Chinese Culture
Understanding the concerns of some Chinese Christians about the dragon image, especially those with a background in traditional Chinese religion, requires a compassionate and nuanced approach. It is essential to recognise that these fears are not without basis, especially given the rich spiritual and symbolic tapestry of Chinese traditional beliefs where the dragon often occupies a significant role.
In traditional Chinese culture, the dragon is a complex symbol, often associated with spiritual power and considered a guardian or a bringer of fortune. However, for those who have come to Christianity from a background steeped in these traditions, the dragon can be seen through a different lens – one where spiritual entities and forces, including what some might interpret as demons, are a real and concerning presence.
As Christians, our first response should be one of empathy and understanding. In 1 Corinthians 9:22, the Apostle Paul said, “I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some.” This approach requires us to enter into the experiences and perspectives of others, respecting their views even as we gently share our own.
We must also provide a balanced perspective based on the Bible, which is our ultimate authority. While the Bible does associate dragons with evil in books like Revelation, it is crucial to differentiate between cultural symbols and scriptural symbols. Unlike its depiction in Western mythology and Christian scripture, the dragon in Chinese culture is not inherently evil. Instead, it is a complex symbol that embodies many qualities, including strength, wisdom, and good luck.
This leads to an essential distinction between cultural appreciation and spiritual endorsement. It is possible to acknowledge and appreciate the dragon as a cultural symbol without necessarily attributing any spiritual or demonic power to it. Our. As Christians, we believe that “there is no authority except that which God has established” (Romans 13:1). Our ultimate allegiance is to God, and our understanding of spiritual forces is framed by our faith in Christ, who has triumphed over all powers and authorities.
Daniel Tong, in his excellent book, A Biblical Approach to Chinese Traditions and Belief, has this to say,
There is no power or demon in the physical representation of the long [Chinese dragon]. The Christian objection to the long does not lie in it being a mythical creature, word-picture of consummate evil or possible representation of the devil, or even in it having a demonic spirit attached. It lies in the veneration (bordering on or running into worship) accorded to it by individuals and the overwhelming trust placed upon its efficacy to protect and deliver one from evil. Venerating the long in such a manner draws worship away from our Lord Jesus Christ (2003, 140, italics author).
For those still uncomfortable or fearful, it’s important to affirm their feelings and guide them in a way that respects their convictions. Philippians 4:6-7 reminds us to be anxious for nothing but to present our requests to God through prayer and petition. Encouraging a prayerful approach to these concerns allows individuals to seek peace and guidance directly from God.
As Christians, our goal should be to walk alongside those who have concerns, offering understanding, biblical counsel, and prayerful support. We should encourage a healthy dialogue that allows for cultural appreciation while maintaining a clear and firm foundation in our Christian faith. This approach honours individual convictions and enriches our collective understanding as a diverse body of Christ.
Conclusion
Engaging with the Chinese Year of the Dragon, therefore, is more than a passive observation of cultural festivities. It is an active discernment process where we seek to understand God’s perspective on cultural expressions. This process involves a deep respect for the cultural heritage and traditions of others while simultaneously holding fast to our Christian convictions. It is about finding that delicate balance where we can appreciate and learn from other cultures without compromising the core tenets of our faith.
Moreover, our engagement with other cultures reflects our commitment to the greatest commandments, as taught by Jesus: to love God and to love our neighbours as ourselves (Matthew 22:37-39). Loving our neighbours involves a willingness to understand and respect their cultural backgrounds and practices. It means seeing beyond our cultural lenses and recognising the imago Dei, the image of God, in every person and every culture.
This journey of cultural engagement also serves as a powerful witness to the world. In a world often divided by cultural and religious differences, our respectful and loving engagement with practices like the Chinese Year of the Dragon can demonstrate the unifying and transformative power of the Gospel. It shows that our faith does not isolate and divide but unites and embraces love.
However, this journey has its challenges. It requires us to constantly seek wisdom and guidance from the Holy Spirit to ensure that our engagement is respectful to others and faithful to God. It calls for an ongoing process of self-examination and growth as we learn to see and appreciate the diverse ways God’s creativity is expressed in human cultures.
As Christians living in a diverse and interconnected world, engaging with different cultural practices is a calling to manifest the love, understanding, and unity at the heart of our faith. It is an opportunity to demonstrate that our faith in Christ transcends cultural boundaries and unites us in our shared humanity. As we navigate these engagements, let us do so with hearts and minds attuned to God’s will, always seeking to glorify Him in our thoughts, words, and actions.
Appendix A: World Dragon Mythologies
The mythology of dragons spans many cultures worldwide, with each culture having its unique interpretation and significance attached to these mythical creatures. Here are some highlights from various dragon mythologies:
Chinese Mythology: In Chinese culture, dragons are revered as powerful and benevolent symbols. They are traditionally seen as bringers of rain, which is vital for agriculture and are associated with strength, good luck, and prosperity. Unlike Western dragons, Chinese dragons are typically depicted without wings, with long serpentine bodies.
European Mythology: In contrast, European dragons are often depicted as evil. They are commonly shown as significant, fire-breathing creatures with wings and a reptilian appearance. European dragon myths frequently involve a hero slaying a dragon to save a community or a maiden, as seen in the legend of Saint George and the Dragon.
Norse Mythology: Norse legends feature dragons as powerful and often destructive creatures. One of the most famous is Jörmungandr, the Midgard Serpent, who is so large that he encircles the Earth. Norse dragons are often linked with death and destruction.
Japanese Mythology: Japanese dragons share similarities with Chinese dragons; they are generally benevolent and associated with water. They are often considered water gods. Ryūjin, for example, is a dragon god of the sea who controls the tides.
Slavic Mythology: In Slavic folklore, dragons are typically seen as evil and destructive. A famous example is the dragon Zmey Gorynych from Russian folklore, often depicted as a dragon with three heads, each spitting fire.
Middle Eastern Mythology: Dragons in Middle Eastern cultures are often depicted as large serpentine creatures, sometimes with multiple heads. They appear in various myths and religious texts, including the Judeo-Christian tradition, sometimes symbolising significant chaos or evil.
Mesoamerican Mythology: In Aztec and Mayan cultures, dragon-like creatures often symbolise the amalgamation of different animals and are associated with natural elements. Quetzalcoatl, for example, is a feathered serpent deity in Aztec culture, combining the features of a serpent and a bird.
Indian Mythology: In Hindu and Buddhist myths, dragons and serpentine creatures known as Nāgas hold significant roles. They are often considered protectors of treasures and are revered for their wisdom.
The dragon’s appearance and attributes vary greatly among these cultures, reflecting each society’s values, fears, and aspirations. These myths have endured throughout history, influencing art, literature, and popular culture worldwide.
Sales galore! Black Friday, Cyber Monday, The Great Singapore Sale, Shoppe 11.11, The Apple Event; these sales events happen one after another, tugging at our heartstrings and our purse strings. And, of course, do not forget Christmas and the long list of presents we must buy. These sales are lures of consumerism, and we find ourselves caught hook, line, and sinker!
In the intricate web of today’s hyper-connected society, consumerism extends beyond mere economic activity; it has become a cultural cornerstone, deeply woven into the very essence of modern civilisations. How do we understand our relentless chase for consumer goods? What factors shed light on the intricate psychological, societal, and economic forces that compel us to exchange our intrinsic values for material possessions?
The Psychological Perspective
At its core, the allure of consumerism is firmly anchored in the human psyche. The yearning for new possessions frequently stems from an innate quest for happiness and fulfilment. In an age where marketing is more sophisticated than ever, products are often portrayed not simply as inanimate objects but as gateways to a desirable lifestyle, status symbols, and self-identity extensions. This seductive promise of a better, more fulfilling life – whether through the latest technological gadget, a trendy fashion statement, or a symbol of luxury like a high-end vehicle – directly appeals to our fundamental human aspirations and the vulnerabilities that stem from them.
This psychological appeal is magnified by the dopamine-driven feedback loops activated through shopping and acquiring new items. The act of purchase and acquisition delivers a temporary, yet potent, sense of joy and accomplishment. Over time, this biochemical reward mechanism can evolve into a habitual cycle. In this cycle, the continuous pursuit of new and novel items becomes a mechanism to fill emotional gaps or to compensate for other areas of discontent in one’s life. It is akin to a psychological band-aid, offering a fleeting solution to deeper, more complex emotional needs or life dissatisfactions.
Furthermore, this cycle is often exacerbated by the social and environmental cues surrounding us. The bombardment of advertising, the endless stream of social media showcasing an idealised lifestyle, youth, beauty, and vitality with the subtle yet persistent societal pressure to conform to certain standards of living, success, and happiness all feed into this loop. They enhance the psychological impetus to engage in consumerist behaviours, often leading individuals into a perpetual state of wanting and acquiring to attain an elusive sense of fulfilment. Consumerism is usually driven by the false notion that happiness and satisfaction can be attained through possessions. This endless pursuit leads to a cycle of dissatisfaction, as material gains offer only temporary contentment.
In essence, the psychological underpinnings of consumerism are deeply intertwined with the fabric of our emotional and social existence. They tap into fundamental human desires and fears, leveraging our innate yearning for happiness, acceptance, and status. As such, understanding and addressing the psychological aspect of consumerism is crucial in unravelling and perhaps recalibrating this pervasive aspect of modern life.
The Societal Influence
The societal influence on consumerism is multifaceted, going beyond mere promotion to becoming an intrinsic part of the cultural ethos. Cultural norms and values often elevate wealth and material success to a pedestal, implicitly casting a shadow of inadequacy or unfulfillment on those who fall short of these material benchmarks. This phenomenon is evident in social media, where platforms are awash with images and narratives of idealised lifestyles. These digital showcases do not merely reflect societal trends but actively shape and amplify them, creating a feedback loop that influences individual desires and expectations.
This societal push towards consumerism is further reinforced by the pervasive nature of peer pressure and the innate human propensity to engage in social comparison. The adage of ‘keeping up with the Joneses’ is emblematic of a deep-rooted psychological impulse to measure one’s worth and success in material terms. It’s not just about possessing what is needed but about acquiring symbols of status and success that ostensibly signal one’s place in the social hierarchy. This often leads to consumer behaviours driven not by genuine need or desire but by a compulsion to conform, compete, and, in many cases, outdo peers.
Economic Factors
On the economic front, the foundations of most modern societies are intrinsically tied to consumerist principles. The prevailing economic systems, mainly those driven by capitalist ideologies, are predicated on continuous growth and expansion. Corporations, chasing the goal of profit maximisation, engage in relentless innovation and marketing, constantly creating and reinforcing perceived needs among consumers. With its sophisticated amalgam of psychological strategies and persuasive techniques boosted by AI and its massive computing power, advertising plays a pivotal role in this process. It promotes products and often embeds them within aspirational narratives, making consumption seem essential for personal fulfilment and social acceptance.
The capitalist economic framework further fuels consumerism by structurally depending on continuous consumption for its growth and stability. This dependency creates a systemic drive where both governments and corporations actively foster and facilitate consumer spending. The widespread availability and promotion of credit systems exemplify this, making it easier for individuals to spend beyond their means. This access to credit, while offering short-term gratification and an illusion of affordability, often leads consumers into cycles of debt, reinforcing their ties to a consumerist lifestyle.
The global economic landscape also exacerbates this trend with its interconnectivity and competitiveness. As economies vie for growth and corporations for market share, there is a constant push to stimulate consumer demand, often leading to the creation of artificial needs and the commodification of various aspects of life.
The societal and economic dimensions of consumerism are deeply intertwined, reinforcing each other. The societal glorification of material wealth and success feeds into and is fed by an economic system that thrives on continuous consumption and growth. This symbiotic relationship between societal values, economic structures, and individual behaviours creates a powerful and self-perpetuating cycle of consumerism deeply embedded in the fabric of modern societies.
Role of Technology
The surge in consumerism in recent years can be significantly attributed to technological advancements. The advent of online shopping platforms has revolutionised the retail experience, making purchasing not just more accessible but also more compelling. These platforms employ sophisticated algorithms to analyse user preferences and behaviours in real-time, offering personalised recommendations that are finely tuned to increase the likelihood of purchase. This hyper-personalization of shopping experiences means consumers are continually presented with items more likely to appeal to their specific tastes and previous shopping habits, making resistance to purchasing more difficult.
Moreover, the ease of digital transactions has added another layer of simplicity and impulsivity to consumerism. The ability to buy with a single click, without tangible cash exchange, often diminishes the sense of spending real money. This detachment from the physical act of purchasing can lead to less restrained spending behaviours.
The omnipresence of marketing in the digital realm further exacerbates the situation. Advertising is no longer confined to traditional mediums; it has permeated every aspect of the internet and social media. Consumers are constantly bombarded with ads that are not only pervasive but also increasingly tailored to individual users based on their online behaviour, making them more effective and, in some cases, more intrusive.
Environmental and Ethical Concerns
The environmental and ethical repercussions of this heightened consumerism are profound and multifaceted. The relentless drive for new consumer goods often leads to the overexploitation of natural resources, contributing significantly to environmental degradation and exacerbating the effects of climate change. The production, transportation, and disposal of consumer goods entail substantial carbon footprints and environmental costs, from the depletion of raw materials to air and water pollution.
These environmental impacts are frequently overlooked or underestimated in the race for immediate gratification and convenience that consumerism offers. The focus tends to be on the short-term pleasures of acquisition rather than the long-term consequences for the planet.
In addition to environmental concerns, ethical issues are also at stake. The pursuit of cheaper goods and higher profit margins can, and often do, compromise labour conditions and the sidestepping of fair trade practices. This aspect of consumerism can inadvertently support exploitative labour practices and contribute to widening economic inequalities. Workers in the manufacturing sectors, particularly in developing countries, often face poor working conditions and inadequate wages due to the relentless demand for cheaper, faster-produced goods.
Furthermore, the rise of fast fashion and disposable electronics highlights a culture of ‘use and discard’ that not only exacerbates waste but also promotes a mindset of indifference towards the longevity and lifecycle of products. This attitude towards consumption impacts the environment and undervalues the labour and resources that go into producing these goods.
The role of technology in accelerating consumerism is significant and multifaceted. While it has brought undeniable conveniences and efficiencies, it also presents serious challenges and responsibilities, especially regarding environmental sustainability and ethical consumption. As consumerism continues to evolve in this technological era, both consumers and corporations alike must become more conscious of these broader implications, working towards a more sustainable and ethically aware approach to consumption.
Conclusion
Understanding the reasons behind our deep entanglement with consumerism means recognising the complexity of its roots. It’s not a phenomenon driven by a single factor but rather a convoluted interplay of multiple forces that permeate our psychological landscape, societal norms, economic frameworks, and technological environments. Consumerism, in many ways, taps into basic human desires and needs – for comfort, convenience, status, and even happiness. However, this pursuit often comes with significant trade-offs, sacrificing deeper values, long-term well-being, and the health of our planet.
The challenge of disentangling ourselves from the grasp of consumerism demands a comprehensive approach that spans various facets of life and society. On an individual level, it calls for heightened awareness and mindfulness about our consumption choices. Cultivating self-restraint and a deeper understanding of the difference between needs and wants is crucial. This also involves critically assessing the impact of our consumption habits on our personal lives, society, and the environment at large.
Promoting cultural values that emphasise sustainability and ethical consumption is equally important. This involves a shift in societal attitudes where the measure of success and happiness extends beyond material possessions to include values like environmental stewardship, community well-being, and ethical integrity. Such a cultural shift could gradually redefine consumer behaviours, steering them towards more sustainable and ethically produced goods.
Rethinking economic models is also a critical component of this multifaceted approach. The current economic systems, primarily driven by consumerism, must be reassessed to balance consumption, environmental sustainability, and social responsibility. This could involve embracing circular economy principles, where products are designed for longer life, reuse, and recyclability, reducing waste and environmental impact. It also means creating economic incentives for sustainable practices and penalising those that harm the environment or exploit labour.
Finally, leveraging technological advancements responsibly can play a pivotal role in this transition. Technology, a significant driver of consumerism, can also be an ally in promoting sustainable consumption. From developing eco-friendly products and energy-efficient technologies to using data analytics for optimising resource use and reducing waste, the potential of technology in shaping a more sustainable future is immense.
In conclusion, the path to unwinding our entanglement with consumerism is neither straightforward nor easy. It requires a concerted effort across different levels of society – individual, communal, corporate, and governmental. By reevaluating and reshaping our values, behaviours, and systems, we can start to forge a new relationship with consumption that aligns with our deeper values and the pressing need to sustain our planet for future generations. It may just save our souls.
I love the imaginary worlds or universes of Star Trek, Middle-earth, DC & Marvel universes, the realms of the Wheel of Time, and the expanses of Stargate. In the expansive landscape of storytelling, the essence often transcends beyond the charisma or complexity of individual characters. It seeps into their worlds—worlds sculpted with creative imagination and narrative artistry. These worlds are not mere backdrops but intricate tapestries that contribute significantly to the overarching narrative. Whether it’s the scientifically advanced Federation stretching across the endless galaxies of Star Trek or the mythic realms steeped in the lore of Middle Earth, these settings are characters in their own right, interwoven deeply into the fabric of the stories they are a part of.
Our minds serve as the boundless canvas upon which the art of world-building comes to life. This form of creative endeavour is an exercise in unbridled imagination, a leap into the unfamiliar or even the impossible. Through world-building, creators can construct entire civilisations with their own rules, societal norms, ethical dilemmas, and unique ways of interacting with their environment. These realms offer us an escape chute, a momentary passage away from the trappings of our everyday life.
But the impact goes even further than escapism. These imagined worlds often serve as complex allegories or cautionary tales, reflecting aspects of our own society, culture, and human nature back at us. They can magnify our moral quandaries, explore ethical limits, and challenge our perceptions. In doing so, these worlds become venues for social commentary, introspection, and sometimes activism.
So when we talk about world-building, we’re delving into a discipline combining creative flair and philosophical depth. It’s not just the art of crafting new realms but the art and science of understanding what makes them meaningful. It echoes our aspirations for a better future, scrutinizes the complexities of diverse societies, and questions the very morals and beliefs we hold dear. In this manner, world-building is both an artistic venture and a profoundly thoughtful exercise in understanding the human condition.
Worlds of Fictional Universes
Worlds of Star Trek
Star Trek, the brainchild of Gene Roddenberry, has long been recognised not merely as a thrilling space adventure but as an embodiment of human aspirations for a harmonious and unified future. This vast universe, with its eclectic mix of species and civilisations—from the profound logic of the Vulcans to the intense passion of the Klingons—underscores a theme that is more important today than ever: “infinite diversity in its infinite variations”. Each planet, species, and story arc in the Star Trek universe is a distinct brushstroke painting, a mosaic of infinite possibilities and interactions. From its first television series, it has now diversified into numerous manifestations. The unflappable Mr. Spock, the logical Vulcan remains my favourite alien.
The Prime Directive’s cornerstone of this universe is a rule that magnifies the show’s deep commitment to mutual respect and non-intervention. It dictates non-interference with the evolutionary path of alien civilisations, no matter the circumstances. Yet, interwoven with these profound philosophies are lighter, more humorous aspects, like the somewhat tongue-in-cheek maxim: Always think twice before sending your captain on an away team! This unwritten rule hints at the countless dangerous and poignant predicaments that Starfleet captains inevitably stumble into.
Middle Earth
J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle Earth, a realm echoing with the clang of swords and enchanting elvish songs, is a testament to heroism in all its forms. While monumental figures like Aragorn and Gandalf loom large, it’s often the smallest—like the humble Hobbits—that leave the most significant impact. Despite being overlooked by many, these unassuming folks, from Sam’s unwavering loyalty to Frodo’s quiet courage, play pivotal roles in determining the fate of Middle Earth. Their journeys challenge the conventional notion that only the mighty can be heroes.
Further, Tolkien doesn’t just captivate with tales of heroics but also imparts messages of undying hope. As captured by the ever-loyal Samwise Gamgee, “There is some good in this world, and it’s worth fighting for,” a sentiment that resonates deeply, reminding us of the sparks of light even in overwhelming darkness.
DC and Marvel Universes
The sprawling canvas of the DC and Marvel universes forms an adrenaline-pumping arena where heroes and villains face off in epic duels, each with their staggering powers. These tales, while action-packed, carry a profound message echoed by Spiderman: “With great power comes great responsibility”. This isn’t just a commentary on superhero battles but a broader call to action. It’s an urge to wield our unique abilities, talents, and privileges wisely and ethically, always for the collective good. The moody, brooding Batman remains my favourite character in this universe.
Stargate Universe
The Stargate universe, expansive and mysterious, serves as a potent reminder of the illusions of power. While entities like the Goa’uld might masquerade as divine beings, the narrative pulls no punches in revealing the facade. The battles against these faux deities emphasise the importance of resisting oppression and the unending quest for truth, no matter how obscure it might be. The SG1 team was able to overcome impossible obstacles in 45 minutes.
The Wheel of Time universe
Diving into Robert Jordan’s intricate “Wheel of Time,” one is introduced to a reality where time moves in cycles, and destinies are eternally intertwined. Central to this is the Dragon, an entity reborn repeatedly, symbolising resilience, the cyclical nature of existence, and the eternal dance between forces of good and evil. This universe reminds us of the inevitability of challenges and the indomitable human spirit to rise repeatedly.
Other world-making series like Babylon 5 and Firefly universes are also worth exploring.
Benefits of World Building
World-building, the art of crafting intricate and vast fictional universes, offers many benefits beyond mere entertainment. When authors and creators breathe life into these vast landscapes, they endow us with more than just stories; they bestow lessons, inspirations, and reflections upon us.
Inspire Unbridled Creativity: Fictional universes unshackle the mind, inviting us to journey into uncharted territories. They push the boundaries of our imagination, encouraging passive consumption and active creation. By presenting worlds that diverge from our reality—be it through magical realms or futuristic cities—they ignite the creative spark within us. They beckon us to dream bigger, think broader, and envision worlds far removed from our own, thus fostering innovation and out-of-the-box thinking.
Offer Profound Reflections on Society: These fictional domains often serve as mirrors, reflecting the triumphs and tribulations of our societies. Through clever use of allegory, metaphor, and symbolic narratives, they magnify societal issues, allowing us to view them from new perspectives. Whether it’s the exploration of racial tensions, economic disparities, or gender roles, these worlds compel us to introspect, question, and most importantly, consider reforms. They give us a safe space to debate, discuss, and dissect contemporary challenges without the baggage of real-world implications.
Teach and Reinforce Moral Lessons: Beneath the layers of plot twists and character arcs, these fictional realms are treasure troves of moral wisdom. They don’t merely entertain; they educate. By illustrating the consequences of the characters’ choices, they impart valuable lessons about the virtues of unity, the importance of respect, the weight of responsibility, and the courage inherent in bravery. These tales, epic and tiny, serve as timeless reminders of the values we should cherish and uphold in our lives. By navigating the challenges in these universes, we are subtly guided towards the path of righteousness and ethical decision-making in our world.
In essence, world-building is a gift—a powerful tool that captivates our senses, moulds our thoughts, challenges our beliefs, and enriches our understanding of the complex tapestry of human existence.
Conclusion
In storytelling, world-building is not merely a device to captivate audiences but a cornerstone that exemplifies the limitless horizons of human creativity and imagination. From the scientifically advanced galaxies of Star Trek to the magical, age-old lands of Middle Earth, these vividly imagined worlds serve multiple purposes. They’re not just playgrounds for characters but intricate landscapes that hold up mirrors to our societies, offering poignant reflections and, sometimes, critiques. These worlds are fertile grounds for moral and philosophical explorations, providing invaluable lessons about unity, responsibility, bravery, and ethical conduct. Beyond escapist entertainment, they are educational platforms that challenge our preconceptions, inspire novel thought, and contribute to shaping a more informed, reflective worldview. Thus, in weaving these complex universes, creators aren’t just entertaining us; they’re engaging us in a dialogue that enriches our cognitive and emotional landscapes, making us active participants in a shared journey through the variegated narrative of human existence.
Review: Reading Romans with Eastern Eyes: Honor and shame in Paul’s message and mission by Jackson Wu. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic Press, 2019
Eastern culture is a high context culture. What this usually means is that Eastern culture is very relational and communal, often described by the honor-shame framework. Within this framework, people in the East interacts with one another through the context of ‘face’ which is reciprocal and debt relationships within a power structure of hierarchy, loyalty, sacrifice, ascribed and achieved honor, and shame. This is often contrasted to the Western guilt-innocence framework. Jackson Wu (not his real name), a Westerner who have lived two decades in East Asia, examined Paul’s message and mission in Romans through the Eastern honor-shame framework. Jackson seeks to find “[h]ow did Paul’s theology serve the purpose of his mission within an honor-shame context?”(p.3).
Recent scholarship in ancient Near East (ANE) studies, and the new perspective on Paul (NPP) have placed Paul solidly in the Eastern honor-shame cultural context. East Mediterranean cultures are closer to the eastern cultures than to the present day Western cultures. The bible is rich with honor and shame narratives. Jackson’s project was to place Paul’s Romans into this honor-shame narrative. He identifies numerous passages that Paul’s overview of sin carries “far more honor-shame overtones than is often recognized.” (p.3). Jackson argues that it is the communal aspects of the Roman church that Paul is appealing to. And that in salvation “God’s reputation is at stake…if Christ did not die, God will be dishonored.” (p.3). Jackson argues that Christ is the filial son who restores honor to God’s kingdom and remove the shame from the human family.
While much of Romans can be understood from the aspect of relationship and community, and many passages do support that, the main concern is how Jackson deals with justification in Romans. Jackson suggests that justification may be explained by relationship as in the loyalty due to a king and to be justified means to restore back into the kingdom. However, in Romans 4-6, Paul’s understanding of justification was based on covenant keeping. Covenant is a metaphor more for a law court rather than a honor-shame setting. It will be difficult to understand justification in Romans without legal concepts of guilt and punishment. Credit must be given to Jackson for his attempt to explain justification as the process by which Christ regains God’s honor and glory. The honor-shame framework is based on privilege and power. To explain justification using the honor-shame framework is imply that Paul’s understanding of justification was just a process of manipulating privilege and power. Scot McKnight, in his contextual reading of Romans in Reading Romans Backwards, argues that Paul’s gospel was to deconstruct privilege and power in the lived theology of the church in Rome at that time.[1]
Jackson has contributed much to help the West to understand the Eastern worldview of honor-shame framework and his insights are invaluable. To study Paul and Romans through cultural and worldview perspectives are challenging. Paul, though a well-trained Pharisee, grew up in a Greco-Roman world. He moves through both these totally different worlds with ease. The former are closer to honor-shame culture while the latter, guilt-innocence one. Paul addressed Romans to both Jews and Greek/Gentile. Jackson is helpful in guiding us to view Romans though the Eastern honor-shame lens. However, Paul’s message and mission in Romans, perhaps may be best understood only if we read it through both Eastern and Western eyes.
[1] Scot McKnight, Reading Romans Backwards: A gospel of peace in the midst of empire, Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2019 p.68-76.
This year will be the the ‘Year of the Rat’ according to the Chinese Zodiac.
The greatest annual human migration on earth often goes unnoticed by the world. Every year, between January 10 to February 18, billions of Chinese people will rush home to celebrate the Lunar New Year Spring Festival with their families. This year CNN estimated 3 billion people are making the trip by rail, cars, air, and sea. This tradition to spend the dinner with their families (reunion dinner) on Chinese Lunar New Year Eve is the major festive event on the Chinese calendar. Spring is a time of new birth, where the old year is left behind, and a new year is welcomed. The Chinese will make sure all debts are paid before the year ends. This is similar to the Jewish Passover and Jubilee festival.
The seasons of death and rebirth is deeply ingrained into the Chinese culture due to their close observation of the four seasons. The ancient Chinese are monotheistic. They worshipped a one god called Shang Di, whose attributes are very similar to the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Unfortunately, under the Emperor Qin Huang Ti, the dragon replaced Shang Di as the centre of worship, and he himself became the ‘ancestral dragon’. The dragon in Chinese culture is regarded as good and beneficent, unlike the dragon/serpent in the West. Thus the Chinese people were deceived and underwent generations of intense suffering and pain under the Deceiver. We have only to look at their long history of suffering under their Dragon Emperors, warlords, and recent history under the Communists.
Every Lunar Chinese New Year brings a theme of hope. A new year with a fresh start. The possibility of being better than the previous year. That is why it is such an important Chinese festival, and why so many Chinese make their annual long journey home. Some will travel days or weeks. It is to be with family at the close of the old year and to welcome, hopefully, a better year with family. During the New Year day, the Chinese wish each other “Gong Hei Fat Choy” meaning “wishing you prosperity in health and wealth”.
Every New Year brings hope of spiritual renewals. Isaiah noted that the Messiah will deliver the people from darkness, including the Chinese people!
Isaiah 49:12 (NKJV) “Surely these shall come from afar; Look! Those from the north and the west, And these from the land of Sinim.”
The Hebrew word Sinim in the Masoretic Text means Chinese. Most scholars found it strange that Isaiah mentioned Chinese, so they looked around for a similar sounding tribe. They found a tribe, the Syennites, who lived near the Aswan, which is in the south.
Isaiah 49:12 (NIV) “See, they will come from afar— some from the north, some from the west, some from the region of Aswan.”
The only reason Aswan was chosen is because the translators and scholars were trying to fit everything into the context of what Isaiah was saying. Isaiah mentioned north and west. It was the translators and scholars who chose the Syennites (south) instead of the Chinese (east). It is strange that they did not look east. Nevertheless, Jesus will deliver the Chinese people from the darkness and this new decade will see a powerful movement of the Holy Spirit among a country which is unleashing another level of persecution on Christians and other religious traditions. Out of this refining fire will come a stronger Church; one purified by suffering and pain. The Lunar Chinese New Year brings hope. Hope for new beginnings, new life, and a prosperous new year.
in Malaysia and Singapore, the Overseas/Diaspora Chinese celebrate Lunar Chinese New Year with their friends of other ethnic groups by tossing a salad called Yee Sang
The suicide of American television celebrity, actor, chef and author Anthony Bourdain on June 8, 2018, shocked many people when the news hit the social media. It was a shock to us that Bourdain who was handsome, respected, successful, popular, and at the prime of his career would choose to commit suicide. We often think that suicide occurs only in ‘other people’. Likewise, it was not long ago that the suicide of popular actor-comedian Robin Williams raised similar existential questions but we were too busy in our fast-paced lives to search for the real hard answers. Kim Jong-Hyun, a popular member of the group SHINee, one of Korea’s top boy bands, shocked his young fans worldwide by his suicide in December 2017. In his suicide note, Kim cited loneliness and depression. Suicide is a taboo subject in our culture and is not discussed much in public except in high profile celebrity suicides. This article will discuss the prevalence and causes of suicide and how we as a church can help those who might view and contemplate suicide as the solution to their problems.
The World Health Organization (WHO) gives the statistics of 800,000 suicide occurrences per year which makes for one suicide in every 40 seconds! The highest suicide rate is in the 15-29 years and those above the 70 years old age range. In the last 45 years, the rate of suicide has increased by 65% worldwide. There are no reliable statistics for Malaysia as suicide is a crime here and hence not often reported. From the anecdotal accounts of NGOs such as The Befrienders and hospital sources, the prevalence of Malaysia suicide rates is increasing together with the rising suicide rates in the world.
The act of committing suicide is an act of desperation.
The act of committing suicide is an act of desperation. Ironic as it may seem, it is an act of self-preservation where the natural instinct is to kill oneself to escape from a situation where they cannot see any other way out. The pain they experience is so overwhelming and self-consuming that they see death as the only answer. Pastor Rick Warren who lost his son Matthew to suicide in 2013 noted, “Suicide is a permanent, irreversible attempt to solve a temporary problem. You don’t have to die to end your pain.” The pain they feel may be physical, emotional, mental, or spiritual.
Some people who are suffering from intractable cancers or other chronic diseases may be in a constant state of never-ending physical pain where anti-pain medication has ceased to offer any relief from the pain.
Depression is also an important cause of emotional pain that is often overlooked and missed by others. The pain is like a cloud of darkness that envelopes and suffocates the lives of those who suffer from it. Depression is all-consuming, leaving a numbing emptiness within. It is often impossible for one to come out of depression by willpower alone. The emotional pain of loss and abandonment caused by loss of children, spouses, and of divorce can also be crippling.
Mental pain may come yet from financial disasters, addiction, and loss of self-esteem. People committing suicide to avoid paying a crippling loan from the ‘Ah Longs’ or moneylenders may not be as rare as we think.
Spiritual pain is the existential pain of the loss of God’s presence that manifests as an emptiness in our lives. It is often confused with depression. The spiritual pain associated with celebrity suicides is only the tip of the iceberg.
As we look at suicide, it is important to remember that it is an act of desperation. We should view such people with compassion. Even the best of us may be driven by circumstances to the brink of this abyss.
As Christians, what should our thoughts be about suicide? Surprisingly, the Bible has little to say about suicide. There are seven incidents of suicides in the Scriptures: Abimelech (Judges 9:52-54); Samson (Judges 16: 29-30); Saul and his armor-bearer (1Samuel 31: 3-5); Ahithophel (2 Samuel 15:31b); Zimri (1Kings 16:18-20); and Judas Iscariot (Matt 27:3-5)
It is interesting to note that of the seven suicides recorded in the Scriptures, the suicides of Abimelech, Saul and Zimri were recorded as a direct judgement of God on their sins, even going so far as to say that God killed Saul. The Scriptures were silent on the other four suicides through the ignoble context in each case speaks for themselves. Therefore the Scriptures thus offer no specific guidelines on suicide, allowing each situation to speak for itself. Theologian Karl Barth noted the following in his multivolume Church Dogmatics : “a remarkable fact that in the Bible suicide is nowhere explicitly forbidden.”
In certain Christian traditions, suicide is regarded as an ‘unpardonable’ sin and those who commit suicide are not given the rites and burial in the church grounds. They are usually buried outside the church and are regarded as being condemned to hell. What is the origin of this belief? The root of this belief may be traced to Thomas Aquinas, one of the greatest theologians of the church. In his thesis, On Suicide, Thomas Aquinas argued that to commit suicide is to sin against God, family and community. God is sovereign, and He decides when we are born and when we die. To commit suicide is to usurp the sovereignty of God over our time of death. Suicide deprives children of their parents, and community of the contribution of that person. Thomas Aquinas never said that suicide is an unpardonable sin. Unfortunately, Church traditions made it into an unpardonable sin. The unpardonable sin is stated in Mark 3:22–30 and Matthew 12:22–32 as sinning against the Holy Spirit; suicide, is not.
“Suicide is a permanent, irreversible attempt to solve a temporary problem. You don’t have to die to end your pain.”
Rick Warren who lost his son to suicide
Suicide is an act committed in sheer desperation. What can we offer to those who are suicidal? There are several ways in which we can help.
Firstly, Christians must be educated about suicide so as to remove the taboo associated with it. Education gives a clearer perspective and understanding of the utter hopelessness and despair that drive people to suicide; they need our help and are not to be shunned or rejected.
Secondly, Christians must be willing to walk alongside those in pain. Suicidal persons tend to withdraw from human contact. Often they are lonely and are entangled in their loneliness within. They need someone to talk to and to befriend them. Befrienders and other such voluntary suicide hot-lines have proven effective in tackling and helping to get potential suicidal persons to abort their suicide attempts because they provide that much-needed listening ear. That being said, the NGOs are mere frontlines who should be able to approach the church to help these broken persons. Help is not just the offering of platitudes but the offer to journey together for a period of time. It needs commitment. Unfortunately, not many churches are registered with them to offer such help at the present moment.
Thirdly, Christians have to learn to recognize the warning signs of a suicidal person. We need to be able to pick up on cues such as excessive talks and obsession with details on ways to kill themselves, the increasing use of alcohol or drugs, the sudden giving away of their favourite things. We should be extra vigilant of those in unbearable pain as described above, those withdrawn, or those who are experiencing extreme mood swings.
Fourthly, Christians should know when to call for further help. A suicidal person should not be left alone and may need to be committed to a psychiatric facility. The help of professionals such as psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, and counsellors may be required to deal with the person’s depression and other pain issues.
Finally, all the above actions must be saturated with prayers. There are many occasions where I have observed the power of prayer penetrating what often is an impenetrable hard shell that a suicidal person had built around him/her.
Suicide will become increasingly common in our high pressured society. Euthanasia or assisted suicide for the terminally ill has been successfully lobbied to become law in many countries recently. Any suicide, however, will have serious ramification to the immediate family, community, and society. Christians can do much to help people who are suicidal and prevent their suicide attempts.
The Peanuts Movie is the best-animated movie in 2015. Though the comic strips were written and illustrated by Charles M. Schulz from 1950-2000 and the America that is portrayed in the context no longer exist, the timelessness of children at play and of coming of age never become irrelevant. The animation rending using 3D texture, brought Peanuts into the Twenty-First Century, the aspiration, feelings and hopes of Charlie Brown and his bunch of friends not to mention his dog, Snoopy never feel dated.
This movie has enough for everyone. For a new generation who have never read the Peanuts comic strip as it was published daily and the larger Sunday strip, it is an entertaining introduction to Charlie Brown and his friends. For the older folks who grew up with Charlie Brown, this movie is a trip down memory lane. Each scene reminds one of a particular comic strip, storyline or background. The Great Pumpkin, the dark and stormy night beginning of Snoopy’s novel, the eternal air battle between a First World War flying ace (Snoopy) and his nemesis the Red Baron, and Charlie Brown’s Kite Eating Tree are all there as fertile fodder for our minds to remember our younger and more carefree days when the antics of wishy-washy Charlie Brown, the blanket carrying smart Linus, the pushy Lucy, the pragmatic Sally, the athletic Pettermint Patty, the intellectual Marcie, the Beethoven fanboy Schroeder, and Charlie Brown’s infatuation the Red-Haired Girl, together with Snoopy and Woodstock are enough to keep us entertained.
Numerous books have been written about the religious/philosophical basis of Peanuts. Notable is The Gospel According to Peanuts (1965) and its sequel, The Parables according to Peanuts (1968) by Robert L. Short and recently, A Charlie Brown Religion (2015) by Stephen J. Lind which tried to examine what makes this comic strip so endearing. Personally, I feel these authors are overanalyzing the comic strip. This strip is about human nature and good character. The Peanut Movie has summarized admirably what Schulz tried to show us through his comic strip – the virtue of honesty, courage, integrity, having fun, friendship, and imagination. It has enabled us to see through the eyes of a child, the mess adults have made of the world and what a child sees as important. It reminds me of another comic strip, Calvin and Hobbes which is of another boy with his toy tiger.
I will highly recommend this as a movie that a family should see and enjoy together. There is no violence, gory scenes, and foul language. Unlike other children animated movies, there is no idealized version of a princess being frozen somewhere. This movie is based solidly in the environment of the child – home, school, and playground.